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  vejadupur1

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  over 1 year ago

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  yasir1984

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  over 1 year ago

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  wuogard

  PAINKILLER DRUGS
  
  INTRODUCTION
  
  Occasionally we will have some pain in our bodies either caused by physical injury, from a disease or illness in the body or from tiresome work. This calls for the need to use drugs to ease (kill) the pain. Thus, we use painkillers to ease, subdue or kill the pain.
  
  Painkillers are analgesic (without pain) drugs and they act either on the periphery or on the central nervous system. Choosing a suitable painkiller depends on the severity and the type of pain a patient experiences.
  
  TYPES OF PAINKILLERS
  
  1. Non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSADs)
  
  This group of drugs all work through the inhibition of prostaglandin (a chemical substance secreted by a part of the body into the blood stream) synthesis.
  
  There are different groups of NSADs and all have similar effects and side effect profile although patient response to each can differ widely. It may be necessary to try several drugs from different groups before a suitable one is found.
  
  The use of phenylbutazone is restricted because of incidences of blood dyscrasias (morbid state resulting from the presence of toxic materials in the blood) associated with its use.
  Fenbufen and nabumetone are pro-drugs, converted to active drug after metabolism and may have cover potential for GI side effects.
  
  All NSADs should be given after food or with milk. All should be avoided during pregnancy.
  
  DRUG NSAD GROUP
  Aspirin, Aloxiprin, Benorylate, Disflunisal, Salsalate Salicylates
  Indomethacine, Sulindac Indole derivatives
  Alcofenac, Diclofenac, Fentiazac, Lonazolac, Tolmetin Phenylacetic acid
  Fenbufen, Fenoprofen, Flurbiprofen, Ibuprofen, Ketoprofen, Naproxen, Tiaprofenic acid Propionic acids
  Tolmetin Acetic acid
  Mefenamic acid, Tolfenamic acid Fenamate
  Azapropazone, Oxyphenbutazone, Phenylbutazone Pyrazolones
  Piroxicam Oxicams
  Bufexamac Other
  
  2. Steroid drugs
  
  Apart from Apirin, this group of drugs does not have anti-inflammatory properties, they simply relieve pain.
  
  The use of this group of drugs should be avoided by those suffering from haemophilia, dyspepsia or lesions of the gastric or duodenal mucosa (mucous membrane). They should also be avoided in later stages of pregnancy or in children.
  
  They should be used with caution where renal (pertaining to the kidney) or hepatic (pertaining to the liver) function is impaired and when there is a history of bronchospasm (constriction of the bronchial tubes).
  
  This group of drugs may alter the effects of some drugs such as anticoagulants, some anti-inflammatory drugs, corticosteroids and uricosuric drugs.
  
  Aspirin has been found to cause allergic/asthmatic symptoms and gastro-intestinal disturbances. It also increases bleeding time. It is useful in mild to moderate severe pain, toothache, menstrual pain, colds and inflammation.
  
  Paracetamol is useful in mild to moderate pain. It has hepatotoxic effects in overdose, which are irreversible and may be fatal.
  It should be avoided in patients with hepatic or renal dysfunction.
  
  Opiates are used in moderate to severe pain. They act centrally on specific receptors. Some are potent while others are less potent.
  
  (a) Less potent.
  These are used for moderate to severe pain. They have a lower potential for dependence.
  (b) Potent
  These are potent analgesics used for severe continuous pain. They have potential for dependence.
  
  
  ANTI-INFLAMMATORY NON ANTI-INFLAMMATORY
  Aspirin, Paracetamol, Low Opiates (Codeine, Dihydrocodeine, Dextropropoxyphene)
  Potent Opiates (Morphine, Diamorphine, Methadone, Pentazocine, Phenazocine).
  
  All effective opiates cause constipation and nausea. Patients should be given appropriate laxative and antiemetic therapy concurrently as required.
  
  CONCLUSION
  
  Although most painkillers are available over the counter, it is advisable to seek a professional’s advice to avoid any incidences of drug counteraction in case one is taking other drugs.

  over 1 year ago

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