Paper cad project details jobs

...seeking experienced CAD designers to transform an existing image into a CAD drawing for architectural use. While specifics have not been chosen regarding the focus of the CAD drawing or measurements to be included, this provides a unique opportunity for the designer to showcase their expertise in creating accurate and functional architectural drafts. Ideal candidates will possess: - In-depth knowledge of all aspects of architectural elements - Proven experience in creating architecture focused CAD drawings - High attention to detail, especially in absence of specific measurements - Capability to make educated decisions in the design process - Ability to adhere to set deadlines - Strong communication skills, to understand and meet my project vision Th...

...detail the actions that would address or correct the situation. 4. Consider how you would support your solution with examples from experience or current real-life examples or cases from textbooks. 5. Complete this initial analysis and then read the discussion questions. Typically, you will already have the answers to the questions but with a broader consideration. At this point, you can add the details and/or analytical tools required to solve the case. Case Study Questions: 6. What were the key challenges faced by General Electric in the early 2000s, and how did the company respond to these challenges? 7. How did General Electric's corporate strategy change under the leadership of Jeff Immelt, and what were the implications of these changes for the company's vario...

I'm in need of a skilled writer to rewrite a 3-page survey statistics result document as a part of research paper. The goal is to give the content a fresh perspective and engage readers with clear, professional writing. Key Aspects to Address: - Enhance Organization: The current report lacks a clear structure and needs to be reorganized for coherence. - Improve Flow: The flow of information should be revised for better readability and understanding. - Maintain Professionalism: The rewritten content must maintain a professional tone and style, suitable for a survey report. Ideal Freelancer: - Proficient in English: A strong command of English language is essential to effectively convey the message. - Writing & Editing Skills: Experience in report writing and edi...

...comprehensive plan for a residential construction project. It will involve 2 separate attached draft plans, both with a flat roof design in metric measurements. CAD file required at completion. Key Requirements: - Autocad Expertise: You should be proficient in working with Autocad, able to create detailed plans and sections. - Residential Construction Experience: Prior experience with residential projects is preferred, as you'll be expected to understand the specific requirements and nuances of this type of construction. - Intermediate Detailing: I require intermediate detailing, including some fixtures, in the sections and elevations. The final deliverable should include: - A high-quality Autocad plan - Comprehensive and clear section details - Elevation ...

Hello, i liked your work you did a few years ago for a christmas flyer. We need a concert flyer including a program sheet (on the backside) for our school orchestra's summer concert. Style: Clipart black-and-white/gray objects like dance foot prints and simple fonts. The goal is to copy the flyer on colored paper using a photocopier to keep costs low. The concert information is located on the back. Are you in? I would need it within the week.

I am seeking a skilled professional with expertise in Solidworks to design a part intended for manufacturing. Key Requirements: - The part will be primarily used in room temperature environments. - Precision and accuracy are crucial requirements for this project, as the part must meet exact specifications for manufacturing processes. Ideal Skills: - Solidworks - CAD/CAM Design - Mechanical Engineering The ideal candidate should have substantial experience creating high-precision Solidworks parts for manufacturing. Accuracy and attention to detail will be paramount in this job.

I'm looking for a capable designer who can create a modern style title card for a jukebox. Key Requirements: - The design must be modern in style - The final deliverable should be in a word or excel format to allow for editing Content: - The title card should include the song title and artist in the right portion - A photo element should also be incorporated for visual appeal in the left ...exactly 18cm wide x 12cm high. However, the photo portion should be smaller, as the text does not contain the Artist, which I need. I have attached some examples here. Photos # 4 5 and 6 are from my actual machine. I need to edit and make 100 of these. There should be 22 columns on the right side for the Number Title and Artist text. Ideally, I would like to fit 2 to an 8.5 x 11 sheet ...

I have done the paper layout, you need to finish the 2nd and 3rd chapters of the 5 chapters. And the paper’s title is Online credit fraud and its cross-border nature China’s experience. It’s related to law and financial crime. 1. you need to collect all relevant references covering all topics and separate them by topics, then send me all of them. you can start reading and writing your assigned topics. Don’t forget to always cite the author, if you copy and paste you need to add direct quotes “ “ and the author’s name and date of publication of the book/paper, as well as the page number; if you just take the author’s ideas, you need to cite the author as well. citation style is APA,

We are looking to build a pergola which will be mostly attached to an existing house. Size of pergola is 5.9m x 14.4m. We come from a construction background so we will draw on paper the foundation plan, elevations and roof plan etc. We need a qualified Melbourne drafts person to put our plans on computer and sign project off - so we can submit to our local council . We may need to do some revisions as per council or customer request. Ideal Candidate: - Strong background in architectural drafting - Solid understanding of the characteristics and utilization of wood in design - Demonstrable experience in creating visually appealing structures - Ability to incorporate client's aesthetic preferences into the design - Commitment to meet deadlines. Your assignment wi...

I'm in need of a highly skilled drawing artist to create several photorealistic drawings of products I've designed. These drawings will be used as part of my marketing materials and need to be of the highest quality, capturing every detail in a realistic manner. Specific requirements: - Experience with photorealistic drawing is a mus...branding, to ensure the drawings serve their purpose effectively. - Willingness to sign an NDA (Non-Disclosure Agreement) as the products and their designs are confidential. The final deliverables will be used in printed brochures, and will play a crucial role in showcasing the products in a visually appealing and realistic manner. I'm looking for someone who can bring these products to life on paper, with an eye for detail and...

...your song project by incorporating techniques from the previous projects: Make a recording and import the audio into Studio One Use editing techniques (splicing, fading, transposing, and reversing audio) and plugin effects to manipulate audio (either the recording you make or audio you find--as in a song or field recording) Develop your structure beyond AABA'. Should you add an intro? What about a more free-form section that comes after the AABA? Or maybe between the B and the last A? It's up to you, but be prepared to explain how you expanded beyond AABA. For those that would prefer to start this project from scratch, that is also acceptable. Write a formal paper demonstrating your ability to coherently explain what you did on a in the final project...

I'm on the...Angeles and need only CAD - Design Style: I'm interested in a range of design styles - from minimalist to vintage to more bold, statement pieces. The ideal candidate will have a good understanding of these design styles and be able to incorporate them effectively into the pieces. Ideal skills and qualifications for this job include: - Proven experience in jewelry design, ideally with a portfolio that demonstrates proficiency in the requested styles and material. - Strong understanding of different design styles and ability to adapt to each. - Familiarity with working specifically with gold and gemstones. - A creative flair and ability to innovate, while still adhering to the client's requirements. Looking forward to seeing your portfolios and di...

The text you provided is in Arabic. Here's the translation: "A website for a tissue paper factory consisting of 3 pages as follows: - About Us - Our Products - Contact Us An exhibition page can be added to display a collection of images and videos. The visual identity and logo will be shared. Information will be provided to create texts for the About Us page, along with a collection of images and videos. Descriptions and images for products will be provided for addition. The website should be built on a WordPress template from a strong and regularly updated developer. It should be ensured not to use any trial or restricted extensions. Consideration should be given during the design process to avoid a decrease in site performance by optimizing images and videos. Three samp...

...that supports the arguments. Try to find important assumptions that link between arguments and evidence. Drawing on your review, also provide your own critiques and suggestions. Check if supportive evidence is correct or not. Check if the assumptions are reasonable or logical. You can criticize by attacking incorrect supportive evidence or tackling illogical assumptions. Read limitations of each paper and suggest how to release them. The report needs to convey following agendas: Introduction: describe and explain a specific topic for review and then provide reasons to select the topic. Challenges: Provide challenges or problems in performing the review. Related articles: Provide the list of articles with their citation and journal impact factor information. The Report Format:...

...accomplished professional who is efficient in Autodesk Alias and well-versed in creating both 2D/3D CAD designs and renderings. The project primarily involves the creation of wireframes and related documents to accurately depict the design of exhibition stands and wedding decors. Key Responsibilities: - Developing comprehensive layouts and floor plans. - Creatively designing for two equally important event types: Exhibition stands and wedding decors. - Rendering designs in both 2D and 3D formats. Though not mandatory, your ability to work on virtual experiences of these designs would be appreciated, bringing them to life and resulting in a multidimensional presentation that will enhance the overall project quality. Ideal candidates will have a strong portfoli...

I'm in need of a creative designer who can take my hand-drawn logo sketch and turn it into a digital, combination style logo. Key Requirements: - I have a detailed sketch of the logo on paper. Your job is to convert it into a digital format. - The logo is a combination of a symbol and text, so you should have experience working with both elements in logos. - The logo should be completed within the next 2 days, so I need someone who can work quickly without sacrificing quality. File Formats and Color Scheme: - The final logo should be delivered in PNG and PDF formats. - The color scheme for the logo should include nude for the hand, gold for the card, and a mix of gray, black, and blue for the text. Ideal Skills and Experience: - Proficiency in graphic design software a...

I am looking for a consumer researcher to visit 3 stores in ROUEN. The project in a nutshell: -All information will be captured via our company's App that has to be downloaded by way of a link emailed to the successful candidate. -Visit 3 supermarkets in Rouen, addresses will be provided. -Around 42 products in total not per a store. – Assess packaging of products for our client, products include baby diapers, feminine hygiene products, kitchen paper and toilet paper. -10 samples per a product has to be assessed. E.g Product A is baby diapers, 10 of these will have to be looked at closely for defects. -If samples are good no photos are required, if samples have defects photos are required showing the defect clearly. -No products need to be purchased. -Good...

I run an industrial automation company specializing in PLC programming, HMI design,SCADA & DCS Design, robotic integration, and more. I am in need of a freelancer well-versed in these areas to assist us with a variety of tasks. Key services required include: - PLC programming - HMI design - Robotic integration - SCADA and DSC - Drives implementation - CAD for industrial automation - Hydraulic and Pneumatic systems expertise - Experience with Industrial Switchgear and Solutions - Assistance with Automation & Control Panel Manufacturing - Support with Vfd Panel Supply, and Industrial Panel Manufacture - Contribution to Industrial Automation Training & Solutions Preference for these brands: - SIEMENS -Rockwell Automation -ABB -Mitsubishi -Honeywell -DELTA Ideally, I nee...

I'm seeking a skilled CAD designer for a project that entails creating a container for a small prototype. The container not only serves to protect the prototype but also enhances its aesthetic appeal. Incorporating a sleek design with rounded corners and borders, the container should have specific holes for power button, recharging, and antenna. The chosen material for this project is plastic PLA. Prior experience in designing 3D models with STL files for plastic materials is highly desirable. Your creative input is welcome but the final product must match the dimensions and aesthetic requirements as specified. The design should be innovative but practical for real-world implementation. Key Aspects: - Design a rectangular container with rounded corners and bor...

...is mainly for visualization purposes, so I'm not looking for intricate detailing or furnishings in the 3D model. Key requirements: - Transforming a 2D building plan into a 3D building plan - Providing basic outlines and shapes in the 3D model, no intricate detailing needed - The final 3D model should be in PNG format - Interior views are particularly important for this project Ideal skills and experience: - Proficiency in CAD software for 3D modeling - Previous experience with transforming 2D building plans into 3D models - Ability to create basic 3D outlines and shapes effectively - Understanding of interior design and visualization for accurate interior views If you have a portfolio or past projects that demonstrate similar work, please include it in your bid. I&...

I'm in need of someone who can skillfully tweak my OKI C711 laser printer for roll-to-roll printing. Now max lenght print is optional 1,3m paper, we want up to 150meters, print repeatable images. I don´t know if it´s firmware/software, new hardware or both. to make it print on continuos media from multitpurpose tray. Who can help with this task please respond me!

a comprehensive research paper on an FPGA based Accident Detection and Prevention Software.

I'm looking for a skilled CAD designer to enhance my existing game console model by adding rear grips. The primary goal is to improve its ergonomics and make it more comfortable to hold for prolonged periods of time. The handheld has already been designed, just needs some organic grips to be added to the rear case. Ideal skills and experience: - Proficient in CAD design - Experience with designing ergonomic products - Familiar with 3D printing/injection molding Key requirements: - Utilize the existing design assets to seamlessly integrate the new rear grips - Design the grips to be 3D printable - Ensure that the grips have a smooth texture for optimal user comfort - Incorporate the grips in a way that doesn't detract from the overall aesthetic of the console. - ...

I'm looking for a seasoned research writer with proficiency in technology, specifically FPGA software systems. The focus is on creating a comprehensive research paper on an FPGA based Accident Detection and Prevention Software. Key objectives include but are not limited to: - Understanding of real-time accident detection - Expounding on measures for accident prevention - Thorough explanation of the emergency communication system The ideal freelancer should be knowledgeable about artificial intelligence and its implementation in accident detection systems. Critically, they should be able to dissect and present complex tech language into a comprehensible writing. Evidence of past research work in this field will be a major plus.

Need assistance with T2 tax return. Retired i.t. consultant. No activity in corp, other than bank balances in CAD and USD. No expenses other than small bank charges. Need to know how to handle USD bank balance, and help selecting gifi codes.

I am looking for some freelance engineers to undertake drainage design work for projects based in the U.K (England principally). This work can be done remotely. This would involve the use of Causeway Flow+ design software (which I can provide some training with) and a CAD package. I am a freelance flood risk and drainage engineer based in England and sometimes have more work than I can handle. I am looking for some contacts with whom I can share work when required. Any experience of working in the U.K would be beneficial (but not essential). The work typically involves designing outline and detailed surface water (stormwater) drainage systems for new developments (residential, commercial, industrial). Sometimes foul water systems are required too. Thanks for your time....

I'm in need of an experienced CAD drafter to convert a PDF into a basic outline 2D CAD drawing. The project in focus here is a commercial building. - The primary purpose of this project is for architectural design. - The CAD drawings require a basic outline without an extensive detailing of furniture, fixtures or load-bearing elements. An ideal candidate for this project will have: - Proven experience in CAD drafting, particularly in architectural design - A fine eye for detail to ensure precision in work delivered - Familiarity with commercial building layouts will be an advantage Looking forward to working with a professional who can deliver swiftly on this assignment.

I'm in need of a reliable data entry operator who can help me with data entry and data processing tasks. The data will be provided in physical paper form, and the expected outcome is database creation. Key Responsibilities: - Accurately inputting data from physical papers into a digital format - Processing the data as per the project requirements - Ensuring the created database is structured and easily navigable Ideal Candidate: - Proven experience in data entry and data processing - Proficient in using tools like Excel or Google Sheets - Attention to detail and accuracy in data entry - Ability to understand and follow specific data processing instructions Your work will be crucial in enabling me to organize and analyze this data effectively. I am looking for someon...

...to help me with a research paper focusing on the effectiveness of project management tools in infrastructure construction projects. Key requirements and responsibilities: - The purpose of this research paper is to analyze the impact of project management tools on the success of construction projects. - ideal data collection methodology, surveys were conducted with experienced construction project managers. - The target of this research paper is construction projects. - The research should aim to provide valuable and actionable recommendations for improving the project management practices within construction sector. Skills and experiences required: - Significant experience in academic research - Proficient in analyzing survey data - ...

I am urgently in need of a Latex/Tikz programmer to help create several graphics for my physics research paper. Graphics Required: - Graphs - Diagrams - Charts - 3D graphics The graphics should be of moderate complexity. Previous experience in creating scientific graphs and figures essential, and a knowledge of physics is highly beneficial. Your role will involve understanding the scientific data and generating visuals that best represent the given information. The graphics need to be clear, accurate and professional, as they will be used in a published paper. Ideal Skills: - Expertise in Latex and Tikz programming - Experience in creating scientific graphs, charts, and diagrams - Knowledge of physics - Detail-oriented - Time-efficient and able to meet deadlines Ple...

Seeking a highly skilled Tikz and Latex programmer to create a variety of graphics and tables for my research paper. Types of Graphics: The project will require the creation of: - Diagrams - Plots - 3D Representations - Tables Role of Graphics: The graphics and tables produced will serve to: - Illustrictate complex concepts - Visualize data - Compare and contrast research results Required Skills: The ideal candidate for this project should be proficient in: - Tikz - Latex Your contribution will play a crucial role in enhancing the visual appeal and readability of my research paper. Prior experience in similar projects would be advantageous. Let's make science more understandable and engaging!

I'm in need of a reliable data entry operator who can help me with data entry and data processing tasks. The data will be provided in physical paper form, and the expected outcome is database creation. Key Responsibilities: - Accurately inputting data from physical papers into a digital format - Processing the data as per the project requirements - Ensuring the created database is structured and easily navigable Ideal Candidate: - Proven experience in data entry and data processing - Proficient in using tools like Excel or Google Sheets - Attention to detail and accuracy in data entry - Ability to understand and follow specific data processing instructions Your work will be crucial in enabling me to organize and analyze this data effectively. I am looking for someon...

I'm seeking a proficient researcher to assist me in developing a comprehensive research paper on the impact of digital communication on society. The ideal candidate should have a background in communication studies, digital media, or a related field. The paper will focus on analyzing the various ways in which digital communication has shaped and influenced society. Key Responsibilities: - Conducting in-depth research on the topic of digital communication - Analyzing and interpreting relevant data - Writing a well-structured research paper with a clear argument - Ensuring that all sources are properly cited Ideal Skills: - Strong academic writing skills - Experience in communication studies or related fields - Ability to conduct thorough research - Knowledge of...

Photoshop image change flag on shoulder only 10 CAD

...can assist me with Revit drawings for a custom Passive House home (with the possibility of more projects in future). The ideal candidate for this project should have a strong proficiency in Revit software and have a proven track record in architectural drafting. Key details: - You’ll be responsible for creating a full drawing set suitable to apply for a building permit in Ontario (stamp provided by others). - Work will include detailing shop drawings for proprietary Passive House assemblies (samples will be provided). - I'll provide you with concept drawings and CAD files for a similar completed drawing set as the base for your work. - The project demands exceptional attention to detail and precision. - Work to be confidential under NDA agreement...

I need building blueprints for a medium-sized shed intended primarily for storage purposes. The shed sho...electrical installations; suitable for submission for permit application. - The shed is 10x12; 120 sq ft. - It should be designed with a loft space as described in the attachment. - The blueprint should cater for installation of electrical fixtures, sockets, and lighting in predetermined locations, supplied upon approval of project. - Please ensure the design is sufficient with all elevations required for building application submission. Ideal Skills: - Proficient in CAD software for blueprint creation - Experience in designing sheds or similar structures - Knowledge of electrical installations and safety standards in construction - Able to balance aesthetics wi...

I'm in need of a skilled CAD drafter to assist in producing a detailed multi-floor house plan in accordance to civil engineering standards. The expected deliverable will be a comprehensive CAD drawing showcasing the house's architectural design. Key elements to include in this project: - Detailed multi-floor layout - Room and space arrangement - Specific architectural features of the house For this task, significant experience in architectural CAD along with sound knowledge of civil engineering principles is a must. Please share examples of similar projects that showcase your attention to detail and understanding of multi-floor house plans. I look forward to seeing your proposals.

I am seeking a detail-oriented freelancer to input text and numerical data into 3 small Excel spreadsheets, containing 1 column each. 2 spreadsheets for emails, one called Minnesota, one called Midwest. 1 spreadsheet of inventory numbers. See attached. Only emails are needed. Inventory is on yellow paper Ideal Skills: - Proficient in Excel - Attention to detail - Knowledge of data organization and management Highlight the entries that you are not sure of, or the handwriting is to difficult to read. English fluency in a must.

I'm seeking an experienced professional who can transform a detailed drawing of a particular part into a manufacturing-ready sheetmetal design. The ideal candidate for this project should be well-versed in sheetmetal work and CAD software.

I have a design concept for a jewelry stand that combines a hat stand with a necklace display. I need a skilled CAD designer to create a detailed drawing of this idea. Key Requirements: - Design should reflect a medium-sized hat stand with an integrated necklace display - The style I'm looking for is acrylic, something that embodies modern minimalism Ideal Applicant: - Proficient in CAD software - Experience in jewelry stand or product design - A good eye for modern, minimalist aesthetics

I need comprehensive details extracted from the Parivahan vehicle RC database. Data output must be within range upto 1k range at once. Specific requirements include the: - Owner's name - Registration number - Vehicle model and make - Insurance expiration date - Owner contact number The need is urgent, so a quick turnaround is vital. An adept hand at data mining, especially relative to the Parivahan database, would be an asset. Familiarity with Indian vehicle registration systems or similar projects will also be advantageous. The project should prioritize accuracy of data above all, and a proven record in precise information extraction is essential.

I have hand-drawn sketches of a house I'll be building. I need these converted to professional CAD line drawings. Key Requirements: - Convert hand-drawn sketches to professional CAD line drawings. - Attention to detail for accuracy and precision. Ideal Skills: - Proficient in CAD software. - Experience in architectural design/construction drawings.

...optimize our manufacturing processes. The main goal of this project is to introduce mechanical designs that would improve efficiency, increase durability and reduce costs in our production line. The following task scopes will be involved: - Conceptualization of innovative mechanical designs. - Analysis and evaluation of mechanical systems. - Product development incorporating automation in manufacturing processes. The ideal freelancer for this job will have: - Significant experience in mechanical engineering. - Expertise in automation and manufacturing processes. - Proficiency in CAD software for designing. - A solid understanding of product development. - Proven ability to deliver cost-effective and efficient solutions. This project aims to bring forth new-age ...

Title: Demystifying Bitcoin: A Comprehensive Guide to the World's Leading Cryptocurrency In the realm of digital currencies, Bitcoin stands as the pioneer, the trailblazer that sparked a global financial revolution. Born out of a white paper titled "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System" published by the mysterious Satoshi Nakamoto in 2008, Bitcoin has evolved from a concept into a phenomenon that has reshaped the landscape of finance, technology, and beyond. Understanding Bitcoin: The Basics Bitcoin operates on a decentralized peer-to-peer network, utilizing blockchain technology to facilitate secure and transparent transactions without the need for intermediaries such as banks or governments. Unlike traditional currencies, which are controlled and regulat...

Title: Demystifying Bitcoin: A Comprehensive Guide to the World's Leading Cryptocurrency In the realm of digital currencies, Bitcoin stands as the pioneer, the trailblazer that sparked a global financial revolution. Born out of a white paper titled "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System" published by the mysterious Satoshi Nakamoto in 2008, Bitcoin has evolved from a concept into a phenomenon that has reshaped the landscape of finance, technology, and beyond. Understanding Bitcoin: The Basics Bitcoin operates on a decentralized peer-to-peer network, utilizing blockchain technology to facilitate secure and transparent transactions without the need for intermediaries such as banks or governments. Unlike traditional currencies, which are controlled and regulat...

I'm in need of a basic 3D demonstration animation for educational purposes. This will involve showcasing the primary function...be created with educational purposes in mind, ensuring that viewers can easily understand the product's benefits. - A basic level of detail is sufficient - realistic textures and lighting are not needed. Ideal Skills and Experience: - NX CAD experience - Proficiency in 3D design and animation software. - Experience in creating product demonstration animations. - Understanding of educational content development. - Strong communication skills to translate complex ideas into simple, easy-to-understand animations. Please note that this is a short-term project with potential for further collaboration, so I'm looking for someone who can d...

I'm in need of high-quality CAD drawings for specific heavy haul trailers. The following trailers require detailed representation with dimensions in meters expressed: - Lowboy trailer - Specialized heavy haul trailers and equipment All drawings should be formatted in a way that they can be exported to either DWG or PDF. A proficiency in AutoCAD, SolidWorks, or Fusion 360—or any other equivalent software that can satisfy this requirement—is preferred. The primary use of these drawings will be for permitting and training visualizations. Expertise in design visualization is thus essential. Do ensure that your drawings are clear, accurate, and suitable for these purposes. Thank you. Examples of the drawings I need to emulate, but with different units and loads

I'm seeking an expert to develop a comprehensive white paper that analyzes and compares different traffic chase pursuit prevention security devices. This paper should provide a detailed comparison of features and benefits, enabled to guide our customers towards making informed decisions. Key Duties: - Comprehensive research on specified security devices - Analysis of device features and benefits - Compilation of findings into a detailed, readable white paper Ideal freelancer would possess: - Experience writing consumer-focused product comparison white papers - Strong research and analytics skills - Knowledge and experience in security devices, specifically traffic chase prevention technology

I am in need of an experienced electronics technician with a thorough understanding and hands-on experience with scientific measurement equipment. Specifically, I re...improved compatibility. • Extract maximum functionality from existing resources. Key skills and experience: • Expertise in equipment modification. • Proficient in mechatronics (electronics, electrical and mechanical). Skills that are a plus: • Software programming. • Reverse engineering. • Pneumatics. • Drawing using CAD. We encourage under-grad students from UH, Rice, etc., to apply as an Intern. Requirements: • Must work at East End (near Second Ward) area in Houston. The project timeline is immediate with the expectancy for high-quality results. Promptness and e...